微纳功能材料在环境治理中的应用

介绍了处理空气和水体污染的各类吸附材料，并阐述了目前在环境治理中“强化富集/催化降解”一体化复合材料的最新研究进展。本文通过对比发现，尽管吸附材料价格便宜、稳定且易操作，对于废水和废气具有较好的吸附性能，且吸附能力可以通过一定的改性方法进一步提升，但存在吸附量低极易饱和、材料更换比较频繁、吸附饱和后容易造成二次污染等缺点，而催化技术是将这些污染物催化氧化成CO₂和H₂O等无机小分子，价格便宜、无二次污染、净化率高、能耗低。通过将吸附与催化技术相结合，可以发现吸附材料的加入成功提升了催化剂的催化效率，既可以解决吸附技术的缺点，同时保留催化技术的优点，是目前处理这些污染物最有前景的方法之一。     

电子束诱导沉积钴微米线及其铁磁性

通过电子束诱导沉积的方法制备了钴(Co)微米线,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力/磁力显微镜(AFM/MFM)以及物性测量系统(PPMS)等手段对Co微米线的沉积尺寸、微结构、铁磁性和电学性质进行了测试和分析。研究结果表明:Co微米线轮廓清晰、均匀性好。在不同的沉积条件下,微米线的实际长度与设定长度基本一致;实际宽度数据呈类梯形分布,半高宽是设定值的2~10倍;实际厚度低于设定厚度的60%。沉积电流对Co微米线的铁磁特性有重要影响。当沉积电流大于0.5 nA时,样品呈现出良好的铁磁特性。另外,电学性能测试结果显示Co微米线呈现绝缘特性。成功制备了室温铁磁绝缘Co微米线,这将有助于深入开展微纳尺度的结构与器件的研究和应用。     

极端电场环境激励下的VO2相变性能研究与应用

为揭示VXOY薄膜场致相变规律,推广钒氧化物应用于卫星控制系统,指导氧化钒规模制备,将磁控溅射法和真空退火工艺相结合,在Al2O3陶瓷基片上制备出VXOY薄膜,降低了实验对仪器精度的要求,提高了实验的成功率。对基片进行磁控溅射镀膜,在管式炉中进一步氧化处理生成表面均匀的V2O5,然后进行高温退火处理,对不同退火条件下的生成的薄膜进行了XRD表征。测得了电场激励下VXOY薄膜的相变现象,验证了电场激励下焦耳热并非薄膜相变的主导因素;总结了不同组分下VXOY薄膜的相变规律,研究了不同V6O13含量对VO2薄膜临界相变电压的影响规律,可指导VXOY薄膜应用于微纳卫星等极端环境下的设备控制系统。     

The Tunable Porous Structure of Gelatin–Bioglass Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications: Physicochemical,Mechanical, and In Vitro Properties

Unidirectional freeze‐casting method is used to fabricate gelatin–bioglass nanoparticles (BGNPs) scaffolds. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that sol–gel prepared BGNPs are distributed throughout the scaffold with diameters of less than 10 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetric are used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of BGNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs present an oriented porous structure and a homogeneous distribution of BGNPs in the gelatin matrix. The lamellar‐type structure indicates an improvement of mechanical strength and absorption capacity of the scaffolds. Increasing the concentration of BGNPs from 0 to 50 wt% have no noticeable effect on pore orientation, but decreases porosity and pore size distribution. Increase in BGNPs content improves the compressive strength. The absorption and biodegradation rate reduces with augmentation in BGNPs concentration. Bioactivity is evaluated through apatite formation after immersion of the nanocomposites in simulated body fluid and is verified by SEM–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), an element map analysis, X‐ray powder diffractometer, and FTIR spectrum. SEM images and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay confirm the biocompatibility of scaffolds and the supportive behavior of nanocomposites in cellular spreading. The results show that gelatin–(30 wt%)bioglass nanocomposites have incipient physicochemical and biological properties.     

激光共聚焦原位观察水泥早期水化(英文)

采用激光共聚焦显微镜对水泥早期水化过程进行原位观察,样品尺寸为35mm×25mm×5mm的水泥压实体,通过滴加水使压实体中的水泥水化。结果表明:压实体的水化对于正常水泥浆体的水化有着很好的参考作用;压实体样品与水接触8h,表面生成大量的水化产物,水化16h,大部分孔洞被水化产物填充,水化1d,水泥水化到达稳定期,微结构逐渐变密实。     

Random stacking template of polymer spheres and water soluble particles to fabricate porous hydroxyapatite with interconnected pores

Particle stacking simulation is applied in the fabrication of porous hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics to predict the relationship between the template preparation process and the porosity of porous ceramics. The stacking of multi-diameter spherical particles, such as polymer spheres and NaCl particles, in three-dimensional space is simulated by using continuous generation method. The porosity of porous HA is predicted by calculating the stacking density of large spheres (the ratio of large sphere volume and container volume). The model of three-dimensional random stacking spheres is implemented by using the C++ program. Porous HA ceramics with interconnected spherical pores were fabricated by slipcasting which the use of a polymer template. Templates were produced by randomly stacking polymer spheres and NaCl particles. The arithmetic average error between the porosity of porous HA ceramics and the stacking density of polymer spheres (large spheres) is 3.52%. Simulation results obtained by using the proposed method are consistent with the experimental results.     

微纳结构对硅基超疏水表面冷凝特性的影响

目的 研究微米结构中心距对微纳二级结构超疏水硅表面热交换效率的影响。方法 首先采用湿法腐蚀在硅表面构建中心距分别为22、24、26、28、30 μm的微米四棱台结构,然后采用溶胶-凝胶法在表面涂覆疏水的纳米二氧化硅颗粒,获得微纳二级结构超疏水表面。通过表面接触角测量仪分析表面的湿润性,通过扫描电镜观察表面的微观形貌特征,使用光学显微镜观察冷凝小液滴自迁移现象,使用电子天平称量表面的冷凝集水质量。结果 当纳米结构相同时,随着微米结构中心距的增加,液滴静态接触角减小,冷凝小液滴的自迁移频率变慢,相同时间段内,平均集水效率下降。当相对湿度大于90%时,会出现表面“淹没”现象。微纳二级结构超疏水硅表面（微米结构间距22 μm）的集水效率是单独微米结构硅表面的1.38倍、单独纳米结构疏水表面的1.27倍、疏水硅光片表面的1.75倍、光二氧化硅亲水表面的3.6倍。结论 当纳米结构相同时,在一定范围内适当减小微米结构的中心距,有助于增强微纳二级结构超疏水硅表面热交换效率。     

Synthesis,morphological and thermomechanical characterization of light weight silica foam via reaction generated thermo-foaming process

Low-cost thermo-foaming technique involving sucrose dehydration reaction with H₂SO₄ has been used for ceramic foam processing. The heat and gas generated during the reaction induces a thermo-foaming effect in the sucrose-ceramic mixture. This converts the sucrose-ceramic slurry into a carbonaceous porous ceramic-scaffold. The converted carbon is seen to agglutinate with the ceramic particles. During sintering, they are removed subsequently, thereby enlarging the pores. Influence of solids-loading, sintering temperature and H₂SO₄ concentration on the foaming behaviour, pore morphology and thermo-mechanical properties are studied. The fabricated silica foams are found to have porosity within the range of 70 %? 90 % and compressive strength of 0.8–2.8 MPa. The extreme porosity of the silica foams and their intercrystallite pores within the struts results in the low thermal conductivity (0.0943 Wm^?1K^?1) of the specimens. The fabricated foam is seen as a promising material for insulation applications like catalyst supports, filters and bio-scaffolds.     

液态金属微液滴脉动热管的传热性能

利用室温液态金属和表面活性剂溶液混合工质的振荡运动,在脉动热管中形成液态金属微纳液滴分散的高热导率混合流体并提高其传热性能。本文将液态金属表面活性剂混合工质引入六弯管板式脉动热管中,在不同液态金属填充量和加热功率下开展可视化和传热性能实验。实验结果表明,液态金属在表面活性剂混合工质中通过振荡自分散成球形液滴且相互之间不易发生合并,并在表面活性剂工质中留下粒径在410~520nm的纳米颗粒。传热性能方面,液态金属填充量在20%~25%时,液态金属球形液滴的黏度高、质量大,会阻碍混合工质的振荡运动从而降低脉动热管的传热性能,填充量在5%~10%时,混合工质耦合了液态金属的高热导率特性,有效提高传热性能,热阻最多降低11.21%。     

黄土震陷性的微观结构量化分析

基于数字扫描电镜获得的微观架空孔隙面积量化数据,结合相关原理,建立黄土震陷系数计算公式。通过对兰州、西安等地黄土的动三轴试验、微结构扫描电镜测试、试验与计算震陷系数的对比分析,论证对该公式所用主要参数——架空孔隙面积通过量化处理获取的可行性和公式的合理性与适用范围;通过对基于微观架空孔隙面积量化数据的黄土震陷系数计算公式的数学分析,提出黄土震陷过程中应力–应变发展的5个阶段,并从微观结构给出相应的物理解释,即认为黄土震陷是由于不同大小的架空孔隙不断破坏而导致的多个突变过程的最终宏观结果。